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ヨセフス「ユダヤ戦記」でユダヤ三教派を紹介 |
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フラヴィウス・ヨセフスは西暦37年エルサレムに生まれ、78年に「ユダヤ戦記」、93年に「ユダヤ古代史」をギリシャ語で著しました |
ローマに反乱して起こしたユダヤ戦争が神殿の焼失という徹底的敗北で終わった(70年)後ユダヤ人の長い歴史をローマ人とヘレニズム社会に訴えるのが目的です |
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ヨセフスの著作は各国語に訳され広く読まれて来ました 新約聖書のパウロ書簡やマルコ福音書マタイ福音書ルカ福音書が執筆された時期に活躍した彼のユダヤ史の記述は特にキリスト教徒に注目されています |
ここではウイリアム・ウイストンの英訳(1737年)を紹介するとともに、その英訳をピリオド等によって区切りながら日本語対訳(私訳)してみました |
日本語対訳(私訳)した部分は「ユダヤ戦記」巻2の8章1-14です |
8章でヨセフスはユダヤの哲学三教派としてエッセネ派ファリサイ派サドカイ派を紹介し特にエッセネ派を詳述しています この三教派は新約聖書によく登場します |
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英訳を右上に、日本語対訳を左下に置き、一行おきに読めるようにしました。 |
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「ユダヤ戦記」巻2 8章1-14 |
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War of the Jews |
ユダヤ戦記 |
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The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem |
エルサレム崩壊の歴史 |
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BooK2 |
巻2 |
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CONTAINING THE INTERVAL OF SIXTY-NINE YEARS. |
69年の間を含めて |
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FROM THE DEATH OF HEROD TILL VESPASIAN WAS SENT TO SUBDUE THE JEWS BY NERO. |
ヘロデの死からネロによってユダヤ人征服の為ウエスパシアヌスが派遣されるまで |
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CHAPTER 8. |
8章 |
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ARCHELAUS'S ETHNARCHY IS REDUCED INTO A [ROMAN] PROVINCE. |
アルケラウスの領地はローマの一つの州に下げられました |
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THE SEDITION OF JUDAS OF GALILEE. |
ガリラヤのユダスの扇動 |
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THE THREE SECTS. |
三教派 |
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1. |
1 |
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AND now Archelaus's part of Judea was reduced into a province, |
そして今やユダヤのアルケラウスの地域は一つの州に下げられました |
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and Coponius, |
そしてコポニウスが |
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one of the equestrian order among the Romans, |
ローマの中の騎士階級の一人が |
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was sent as a procurator, |
行政長官として派遣されてきました |
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having the power of [life and] death put into his hands by Caesar. |
カエサルによって彼の手に生死の権限を持たされて |
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Under his administration it was that a certain Galilean, |
彼の管理下に或るガリラヤ人がいました |
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whose name was Judas, |
その名はユダスでした |
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prevailed with his countrymen to revolt, |
彼の同郷人に反乱を説き伏せました |
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and said they were cowards |
そして彼等は臆病者だと言いました |
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if they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans |
もし彼等が耐えてローマに税を払うなら |
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and would after God submit to mortal men as their lords. |
そして神を蔑ろにして彼等の主として死ぬべき男に従うなら |
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This man was a teacher of a peculiar sect of his own, |
この男は彼自身の特別な教派の教師でした |
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and was not at all like the rest of those their leaders. |
そして彼等のその他の指導者たちと全く違っていました |
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2. |
2 |
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For there are three philosophical sects among the Jews. |
何故ならユダヤ人の間に哲学の三教派があるから |
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The followers of the first of which are the Pharisees; |
その第一の信奉者はファリサイ派です |
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of the second, the Sadducees; |
第二はサドカイ派 |
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and the third sect, |
そして第三の教派は |
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which pretends to a severer discipline, |
厳しい規律を主張して |
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are called Essens. |
エッセネ派と呼ばれます |
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These last are Jews by birth, |
この最後の派は生まれつきユダヤ人です |
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and seem to have a greater affection for one another than the other sects have. |
そして他の教派より互いに大きな愛情を持つように見えます |
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These Essens reject pleasures as an evil, |
このエッセネ派は快楽を悪として拒みます |
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but esteem continence, |
しかし抑制を尊びます |
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and the conquest over our passions, to be virtue. |
そして欲望を征服することは徳になります |
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They neglect wedlock, |
彼等は夫婦関係を軽視します |
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but choose out other persons children, while they are pliable, |
しかし他人の子供を彼等が従順でいる間に選びます |
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and fit for learning, |
そして学ばせて溶け込ませます |
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and esteem them to be of their kindred, |
そして彼等を彼等の親族と見做します |
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and form them according to their own manners. |
そして彼等自身の習慣に従って彼等を形作ります |
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They do not absolutely deny the fitness of marriage, |
彼等は結婚の良さを完全に否定しません |
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and the succession of mankind thereby continued; |
そしてそれによって人類の継承が続くことを |
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but they guard against the lascivious behavior of women, |
しかし彼等は女たちの煽情的な振る舞いに対して警戒します |
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and are persuaded that none of them preserve their fidelity to one man. |
そして彼女たちの誰一人もその貞節を一人の男に維持することはないと信じています |
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3. |
3 |
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These men are despisers of riches, |
この男たちは富を軽蔑します |
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and so very communicative as raises our admiration. |
そして私たちの称賛を高めるほど全く隠し立てしません |
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Nor is there any one to be found among them who hath more than another; |
また彼等の間に他の者より持つ者が誰一人見出されることもありません |
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for it is a law among them, |
何故ならそれは彼等の規定であるから |
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that those who come to them must let what they have be common to the whole order, |
彼等に入る者は彼等が持っているものを全集団の共有にしなければなりません |
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insomuch that among them all there is no appearance of poverty, or excess of riches, |
その結果彼等の間に貧困あるいは過度の富は出現しません |
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but every one's possessions are intermingled with every other's possessions; |
各人の所有物は他の各人の所有物に混ぜられます |
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and so there is, as it were, one patrimony among all the brethren. |
そしてまるで全兄弟の間の一つの世襲財産のようになります |
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They think that oil is a defilement; |
彼等は油を汚れと考えます |
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and if any one of them be anointed without his own approbation, |
もし彼等の誰かが彼自身の許しなしに油を塗られるなら |
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it is wiped off his body; |
それは彼の体から拭き取られます |
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for they think to be sweaty is a good thing, |
何故なら彼等は汗を掻くことを良いことであると考えているから |
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as they do also to be clothed in white garments. |
同様にまた彼等は白い衣を纏うようにします |
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They also have stewards appointed to take care of their common affairs, |
また彼等には彼等の共同の業務を取り扱う為に任命された執事たちがいます |
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who every one of them have no separate business for any, |
執事たちは皆何事もばらばらに仕事をせず |
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but what is for the uses of them all. |
彼等全てに役立つことをします |
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4. |
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They have no one certain city, |
彼等には一定の町がありません |
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but many of them dwell in every city; |
彼等の多くは各町に住みます |
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and if any of their sect come from other places, |
そしてもし彼等の教派の誰かが他の町から來るなら |
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what they have lies open for them, |
何でも彼等は彼等に公開します |
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just as if it were their own; |
まるでそれが彼等自身のものであるように |
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and they go in to such as they never knew before, |
そして彼等は前に何も知らない所に入ります |
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as if they had been ever so long acquainted with them. |
まるで彼等同士今まで長い知り合いであったかのように |
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For which reason they carry nothing at all with them |
何故なら彼等は彼等と共に何も持って行かないから |
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when they travel into remote parts, |
彼等が遠い場所に旅行する時 |
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though still they take their weapons with them, for fear of thieves. |
けれども彼等は盗賊を恐れて彼等と共に武器を持っていきます |
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Accordingly, there is, in every city where they live, |
従って彼等が住む町の全てに |
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one appointed particularly to take care of strangers, and to provide garments and other necessaries for them. |
よそ者の世話をして彼等に衣服と生活必需品を提供する為に特別に任命された者がいます |
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But the habit and management of their bodies is such as children use who are in fear of their masters. |
しかし彼等の体の習慣と管理は自分の主人を恐れている子供たちの習慣のようです |
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Nor do they allow of the change of or of shoes till be first torn to pieces, or worn out by time. |
また彼等は履物がまずばらばらに裂けるか又は時を経て擦り切れるまで替えることを許しません |
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Nor do they either buy or sell any thing to one another; |
又彼等は他人と何物も売り買いしません |
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but every one of them gives what he hath to him that wanteth it, |
そうではなく彼等は皆持っている物をそれを欲する人に与えます |
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and receives from him again in lieu of it what may be convenient for himself; |
そしてその代わりに彼自身に便利と思う物を又彼から受け取ります |
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and although there be no requital made, they are fully allowed to take what they want of whomsoever they please. |
そして返礼なしに彼等は誰でも望む者から欲する物を取ることを完全に許されます |
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5. |
5 |
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And as for their piety towards God, |
彼等の神に対する敬虔に関しては |
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it is very extraordinary; |
それは非常に並外れたものです |
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for before sun-rising they speak not a word about profane matters, |
何故なら太陽が昇る前に彼等は汚し事について一言も話さず |
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but put up certain prayers which they have received from their forefathers, |
彼等は彼等の父祖から受けた決まった祈りを捧げるから |
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as if they made a supplication for its rising. |
まるで彼等はそれが昇ることを祈願するかのように |
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After this every one of them are sent away by their curators, |
この後彼等は皆彼等の管理者によって送り出されます |
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to exercise some of those arts wherein they are skilled, |
ある者は熟練した技を働かせる為に |
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in which they labor with great diligence till the fifth hour. |
彼等は第五の時までとても勤勉に働きます |
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After which they assemble themselves together again into one place; |
その後彼等は再び一つの場所に集まります |
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and when they have clothed themselves in white veils, |
そして彼等は白い衣を纏うと |
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they then bathe their bodies in cold water. |
そこで彼等は冷たい水で彼等の体を洗います |
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And after this purification is over, |
そしてこの清めが終わると |
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they every one meet together in an apartment of their own, |
彼等は皆彼等自身の部屋に一堂に会します |
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into which it is not permitted to any of another sect to enter; |
そこには他の教派の誰も入ることは許されません |
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while they go, after a pure manner, into the dining-room, |
一方彼等は清めの儀式の後食堂に入って行きます |
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as into a certain holy temple, |
或る聖なる神殿に入っていくように |
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and quietly set themselves down; |
そして静かに座ります |
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upon which the baker lays them loaves in order; |
パンを焼く者が順に彼等にパンを置きます |
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the cook also brings a single plate of one sort of food, |
料理する者がまた一種類の食べ物を一つの皿に持って来ます |
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and sets it before every one of them; |
そして彼等各人の前にそれを置きます |
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but a priest says grace before meat; |
しかし祭司が食事の前に祈ります |
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and it is unlawful for any one to taste of the food before grace be said. |
そして祈りの前に食べ物を味わうことは誰にも禁じられています |
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The same priest, when he hath dined, says grace again after meat; |
その同じ祭司は食べると食事後に再び祈ります |
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and when they begin, and when they end, they praise God, |
そして彼等は始める時と終わる時に神を讃美します |
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as he that bestows their food upon them; |
彼等の上に彼等の食べ物を授けた者として |
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after which they lay aside their [white] garments, |
彼等は彼等の白衣を脇に置いた後 |
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and betake themselves to their labors again till the evening; |
そして夕方まで再び彼等の労働に従事します |
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then they return home to supper, after the same manner; |
それから彼等はその同じ儀式の後夕食に家に戻ります |
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and if there be any strangers there, |
そしてもし誰か初めての人々がそこに居るなら |
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they sit down with them. |
彼等は彼等と共に座ります |
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Nor is there ever any clamor or disturbance to pollute their house, |
彼等の家を汚す騒動者あるいは障碍者は誰もいません |
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but they give every one leave to speak in their turn; |
彼等は各人順番に話しをさせます |
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which silence thus kept in their house appears to foreigners like some tremendous mystery; |
このように彼等の家に保たれる静けさはよそ者には何かすごく神秘であるように見えます |
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the cause of which is that perpetual sobriety they exercise, |
その理由は彼等が発揮する絶え間ない真面目さにあります |
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and the same settled measure of meat and drink that is allotted them, |
そして彼等に割り当てられる食物と飲み物の同じ固定の量 |
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and that such as is abundantly sufficient for them. |
そしてそれは彼等にたっぷり十分な量にあります |
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6. |
6 |
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And truly, as for other things, they do nothing but according to the injunctions of their curators; |
そして真に他のことに関して彼等は彼等の管理者の命令に従う以外何もしません |
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only these two things are done among them at everyone's own free-will, |
これらの二つのことだけは彼等の間で各人の自由意思でします |
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which are to assist those that want it, |
それを望む者に手助けすること |
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and to show mercy; |
そして慈悲を示すこと |
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for they are permitted of their own accord to afford succor to such as deserve it, |
何故なら彼等はそれに値する者に自ら進んで救助を与えることを許されているから |
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when they stand in need of it, |
彼等がそれを必要として立つ時 |
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and to bestow food on those that are in distress; |
そして困っている者に食べ物を与えること |
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but they cannot give any thing to their kindred without the curators. |
しかし彼等は管理者なしに彼等の親族に何も与えることは出来ません |
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They dispense their anger after a just manner, |
彼等は正しい方法に従って彼等の怒りを消します |
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and restrain their passion. |
そして彼等の欲望を抑えます |
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They are eminent for fidelity, |
彼等は貞節に卓越しています |
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and are the ministers of peace; |
そして平和の奉仕者です |
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whatsoever they say also is firmer than an oath; |
また彼等が言うことは何であれ誓いより確かです |
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but swearing is avoided by them, |
しかし誓うことを彼等は避けます |
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and they esteem it worse than perjury |
そして彼等はそれを偽証より悪いことに見做します |
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for they say that he who cannot be believed without [swearing by] God is already condemned. |
何故なら神に誓わなければ信じられない者は既に有罪判決を受けていると彼等は言うから |
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They also take great pains in studying the writings of the ancients, |
彼等はまた古の書き物を学ぶことに大いに努力します |
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and choose out of them what is most for the advantage of their soul and body; |
そしてそれらの中から彼等の心身に最も役立つものを選びます |
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and they inquire after such roots and medicinal stones as may cure their distempers. |
そして彼等の伝染病を癒やせるような根や薬用の石を探し求めます |
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7. |
7 |
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But now if any one hath a mind to come over to their sect, |
しかし今もし誰かが彼等の教派に入る意向を持っても |
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he is not immediately admitted, |
彼は直ちに認められず |
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but he is prescribed the same method of living which they use for a year, |
一年間彼等と同じ生活方式を彼は指示されます |
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while he continues excluded'; |
彼が締め出されている間 |
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and they give him also a small hatchet, and the fore-mentioned girdle, and the white garment. |
そして彼等は彼に小さな手斧と前に述べた腰帯と白衣を与えます |
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And when he hath given evidence, during that time, that he can observe their continence, |
そしてその期間に彼が彼等の抑制を遵守することが出来ることを証明すると |
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he approaches nearer to their way of living, |
彼は彼等の生活方式に近づき |
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and is made a partaker of the waters of purification; |
そして清めの水の参加者にされます |
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yet is he not even now admitted to live with them; |
それでも彼はまだ彼等と共に生活することは認められません |
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for after this demonstration of his fortitude, |
彼の我慢強さのこの証明の後 |
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his temper is tried two more years; |
彼の性質は更に二年試されます |
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and if he appear to be worthy, |
そしてもし彼が相応しいと見えるなら |
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they then admit him into their society. |
彼等はそこで彼を彼等の社会に入れます |
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And before he is allowed to touch their common food, |
そして彼は彼等の共同の食事に触れることを許される前に |
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he is obliged to take tremendous oaths, |
物凄い誓いをすることを彼は強制されます |
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that,in the first place, he will exercise piety towards God, |
まず最初に彼は神に対して敬虔に努めること |
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and then that he will observe justice towards men, |
そしてそれから彼は人々に対して正義を遵守すること |
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and that he will do no harm to any one,either of his own accord, or by the command of others; |
そして彼は自発的であれ他人の命令であれ誰も傷つけないこと |
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that he will always hate the wicked, |
彼は常に悪を憎むこと |
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and be assistant to the righteous; |
そして彼は正しい者に助力すること |
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that he will ever show fidelity to all men, and especially to those in authority, |
彼は全ての人々に そして特に権限ある者たちに忠誠を示すこと |
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because no one obtains the government without God's assistance; |
何故なら誰も神の助けなしに統治権を得ないから |
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and that if he be in authority, he will at no time whatever abuse his authority, |
そしてもし彼が権限を持っても彼の権限を何であれ決して乱用しないこと |
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nor endeavor to outshine his subjects either in his garments, or any other finery; |
彼の衣服の付属品あるいは他の装飾品を輝かせるように努めないこと |
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that he will be perpetually a lover of truth, |
彼は永久に真実を愛する者であること |
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and propose to himself to reprove those that tell lies; |
そして自ら率先して偽りを言う者たちを非難すること |
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that he will keep his hands clear from theft, and his soul from unlawful gains; |
彼は盗みから彼の手を そして不法な利得から彼の魂を 清く保つこと |
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and that he will neither conceal any thing from those of his own sect, |
そして彼は彼自身の教派の人々から何事も決して隠さないこと |
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nor discover any of their doctrines to others, |
また彼等の教義の何も他の人々に知らせないこと |
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no, not though anyone should compel him so to do at the hazard of his life. |
誰かが彼にそうするように強要して彼が命の危険に陥っても 絶対に駄目です |
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Moreover, he swears to communicate their doctrines to no one any otherwise than as he received them himself; |
その上彼は彼等の教義を彼自身が受けた方法以外で伝えないことを誓います |
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that he will abstain from robbery, |
彼は盗みを避けること |
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and will equally preserve the books belonging to their sect, and the names of the angels[or messengers]. |
彼等の教派に属する文書と天使の名前を同じように守ること |
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These are the oaths by which they secure their proselytes to themselves. |
これらが彼等に転向する者たちに彼等が確かめる誓いです |
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8. |
8 |
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But for those that are caught in any heinous sins, |
しかし憎むべき罪に捕らえられた者たちに対して |
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they cast them out of their society; |
彼等は彼等の社会から彼等を追放します |
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and he who is thus separated from them does often die after a miserable manner; |
そして彼等からこのように切り離された者はしばしば惨めな有様で死にます |
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for as he is bound by the oath he hath taken, and by the customs he hath been engaged in, |
何故なら彼は立てた誓いと従ってきた習慣に縛られているので |
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he is not at liberty to partake of that food that he meets with elsewhere, |
彼は他の所で出会う食べ物を自由に食べれないから |
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but is forced to eat grass, and to famish his body with hunger, till he perish; |
彼が死ぬまで草を食べることと空腹で彼の体を飢えさせことを強いられます |
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for which reason they receive many of them again when they are at their last gasp, out of compassion to them, |
その理由の為に彼等が死ぬ間際に彼等に対する憐れみから彼等は彼等の多くを再び受け入れます |
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as thinking the miseries they have endured till they came to the very brink of death to be a sufficient punishment for the sins they had been guilty of. |
死の崖っぷちに至るまで彼等が耐えた苦痛は彼等が犯した罪を十分に罰するものであると考えるので |
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9. |
9 |
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But in the judgments they exercise they are most accurate and just, |
しかし彼等が行う裁きにおいて彼等は的確であり公平です |
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nor do they pass sentence by the votes of a court that is fewer than a hundred. |
彼等は百より少ない法廷の採決で判決を下しません |
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And as to what is once determined by that number, it is unalterable. |
そしてその数によって一旦決められたことは変更できません |
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What they most of all honor, after God himself, is the name of their legislator [Moses], |
彼等が最も恐れるものは神の次に立法者(モーセ)の名です |
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whom if any one blaspheme he is punished capitally. |
誰でもそれを冒涜する者は極刑に罰せられます |
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They also think it a good thing to obey their elders, and the major part. |
彼等は彼等の長老たちと多数に従うことを良いことと考えています |
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Accordingly, if ten of them be sitting together, no one of them will speak while the other nine are against it. |
従ってもし彼等の十人が一緒に座っているなら他の九人が反対している間に彼等の一人は話しません |
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They also avoid spitting in the midst of them, or on the right side. |
彼等はまた彼等の真ん中あるいは右側に唾を吐くことを避けます |
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Moreover,they are stricter than any other of the Jews in resting from their labors on the seventh day; |
その上彼等は七日目に彼等の労働を休むことを他のユダヤ人より厳しく守っています |
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for they not only get their food ready the day before, that they may not be obliged to kindle a fire on that day, |
何故なら彼等はその日に火をつけなくて済むようにその日の前に彼等の食べ物を用意するだけではなく |
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but they will not remove any vessel out of its place, |
彼等はどんな器もその場所から移動させず |
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nor go to stool thereon. |
その上便所にも行かないから |
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Nay, on other days they dig a small pit, a foot deep, |
否 他の日に彼等は小さな穴を足の深さに掘ります |
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with a paddle (which kind of hatchet is given them when they are first admitted among them); |
箆で(それは手斧の一種で彼等が彼等の間に最初に入ることを許される時に彼等に与えられます) |
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and covering themselves round with their garment, |
そして彼等の衣で身を覆います |
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that they may not affront the Divine rays of light, |
それは彼等が神の光線を侮辱しない為 |
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they ease themselves into that pit, |
彼等は自分ものをその穴に排泄します |
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after which they put the earth that was dug out again into the pit; |
その後彼等は掘られた土をその穴に再び入れます |
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and even this they do only in the more lonely places, |
そして更にこれを彼等はより人気のない場所で一人でします |
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which they choose out for this purpose; |
それはこの目的の為に彼等が選んだ所 |
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and although this easement of the body be natural, |
そしてこの体の排泄は自然なことにも拘らず |
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yet it is a rule with them to wash themselves after it, |
それでもその後に彼等自身を洗うことが彼等の規則になっています |
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as if it were a defilement to them. |
まるで彼等が汚されたかのように |
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10. |
10 |
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Now after the time of their preparatory trial is over, |
さて彼等を試みる準備期間の後に |
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they are parted into four classes; |
彼等は四つの組に分けられます |
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and so far are the juniors inferior to the seniors, |
そして下級者は上級者に劣る故に |
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that if the seniors should be touched by the juniors, |
もし上級者が下級者に触れられたら |
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they must wash themselves, |
彼等は身を洗わなければなりません |
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as if they had intermixed themselves with the company of a foreigner. |
まるで彼等は異邦人の仲間と混じ合ったかのように |
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They are long-lived also, |
彼等はまた長生きです |
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insomuch that many of them live above a hundred years, |
彼等の多くが百歳以上生きるほどです |
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by means of the simplicity of their diet; |
彼等の質素な食事制限によって |
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nay, as I think,by means of the regular course of life they observe also. |
否 私が考えるように 彼等が規則正しい生活を送ることによって |
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They contemn the miseries of life, |
彼等は人生の苦難を軽蔑します |
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and are above pain, |
そして苦痛を超えます |
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by the generosity of their mind. |
彼等の心の高潔さによって |
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And as for death, |
そして死に関しては |
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if it will be for their glory, |
もしそれが彼等の栄光の為であるなら |
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they esteem it better than living always; |
彼等はそれをいつまでも生きることより良いと見做します |
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and indeed our war with the Romans gave abundant evidence what great souls they had in their trials, |
そして実際私たちのローマとの戦争は 彼等が試みられる中で偉大な精神を持っていたという多くの証拠を与えました |
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wherein, although they were tortured and distorted, burnt and torn to pieces, |
彼等は拷問され 曲げられ 焼かれ 引き裂かれたにも拘わらず |
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and went through all kinds of instruments of torment, |
そしてあらゆる種類の苦痛の道具を経験したにも拘らず |
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that they might be forced either to blaspheme their legislator, or to eat what was forbidden them, |
彼等の立法者を冒涜したり彼等に禁じられたものを食べるように強制されても |
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yet could they not be made to do either of them, |
しかしそれらのどちらも彼等にさせることは出来ませんでした |
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no, nor once to flatter their tormentors, or to shed a tear; |
否 彼等を苦しめる人に諂うことも涙を流すことも一度もなく |
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but they smiled in their very pains, |
彼等の激痛の中で彼等は微笑みました |
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and laughed those to scorn who inflicted the torments upon them, |
そして彼等に苦痛を課した者たちを嘲笑いました |
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and resigned up their souls with great alacrity, |
そして非常に気軽に彼等の魂を放棄しました |
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as expecting to receive them again. |
それを再び受け取ることを期待するかのように |
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11. |
11 |
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For their doctrine is this: |
何故なら彼等の教義はこうであるから |
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That bodies are corruptible, |
肉体は朽ちます |
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and that the matter they are made of is not permanent; |
造られたものは永久ではありません |
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but that the souls are immortal, and continue for ever; |
しかし霊魂は不滅で永遠に続きます |
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and that they come out of the most subtile air, |
そしてそれは最も薄い空気から出て行きます |
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and are united to their bodies as to prisons, |
そして牢獄のように肉体に結び合わされます |
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into which they are drawn by a certain natural enticement; |
それは自然の誘惑によって吸い込まれます |
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but that when they are set free from the bonds of the flesh, |
しかしそれが肉の束縛から解放された時 |
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they then, as released from a long bondage, rejoice and mount upward. |
それはその時長い束縛から解放されたように喜び上って行きます |
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And this is like the opinions of the Greeks, |
そしてこれはギリシャ人の意見に似ています |
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that good souls have their habitations beyond the ocean, |
良い霊魂は大洋の向かうにその住処をもっていること |
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in a region that is neither oppressed with storms of rain or snow,or with intense heat, |
雨や雪の嵐で あるいは酷暑で悩まされない地域に |
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but that this place is such as is refreshed by the gentle breathing of a west wind, that is perpetually blowing from the ocean; |
この場所は大洋から絶え間なく吹く西風が穏やかに吹いて爽やかであるような所 |
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while they allot to bad souls a dark and tempestuous den, full of never-ceasing punishments. |
一方彼等は悪い霊魂に暗くて大嵐の住処を割り当てます 止まない処罰に満ちた所です |
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And indeed the Greeks seem to me to have followed the same notion, |
そして正にギリシャ人は同じ考えに従っていると私に見えます |
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when they allot the islands of the blessed to their brave men, whom they call heroes and demi-gods; |
彼等が英雄や半神と呼ぶ彼等の勇敢な者たちに祝福された島々を彼等が割り当てる時 |
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and to the souls of the wicked, the region of the ungodly, in Hades, |
そして悪の霊魂に地獄の中にある神を恐れない者の地域を |
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where their fables relate that certain persons, such as Sisyphus, and Tantalus,and Ixion, and Tityus, are punished; |
そこでは彼等の伝説が物語ります シシフスやタンタロスやイクシオンやティティウスのような人々が罰せらるることを |
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which is built on this first supposition, |
それはこの最初の仮定の上に造られます |
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that souls are immortal; |
霊魂は不滅であること |
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and thence are those exhortations to virtue and dehortations from wickedness collected; |
そしてそれ故に徳に向かうことを奨励し全ての悪から離れることを勧めます |
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whereby good men are bettered in the conduct of their life by the hope they have of reward after their death; |
それによって善人は死後の報償を望むことによって彼等の人生をより良く振る舞います |
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and whereby the vehement inclinations of bad men to vice are restrained, |
そしてそれによって悪人の激しく悪徳行為に向かう傾向が抑制されます |
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by the fear and expectation they are in, that although they should lie concealed in this life, they should suffer immortal punishment after their death. |
彼等がこの世で隠されたまま放って置かれても死後に不滅の罰を受けるという恐れと予想によって |
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These are the Divine doctrines of the Essens about the soul, |
これらが霊魂に関するエッセネ派の神学の教義です |
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which lay an unavoidable bait for such as have once had a taste of their philosophy. |
それは彼等の哲学を一度味わったような避けがたい誘惑を用意します |
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12. |
12 |
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There are also those among them who undertake to foretell things to come, |
また彼等の中に起こる事を予言する者たちがいます |
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by reading the holy books, |
聖なる書によって |
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and using several sorts of purifications, |
そしてある種の清めを使って |
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and being perpetually conversant in the discourses of the prophets; |
そして預言者たちの説にどこまでも精通しているので |
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and it is but seldom that they miss in their predictions. |
彼等の予言に失敗することはめったにありません |
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13. |
13 |
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Moreover, there is another order of Essens, |
更にエッセネ派の他の集団がいます |
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who agree with the rest as to their way of living, and customs, and laws, |
彼等の生活様式と習慣と法に関してはその他と同じ考えです |
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but differ from them in the point of marriage, |
しかし結婚の点で彼等と異なります |
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as thinking that by not marrying they cut off the principal part of human life, which is the prospect of succession; |
彼等は結婚しないことによって人生の重要な部分 つまり継承の可能性を切り取ると考えるので |
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nay, rather, that if all men should be of the same opinion, the whole race of mankind would fail. |
否 むしろ全ての人が同じ考えを持つなら全人類はいなくなると |
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However, they try their spouses for three years; |
しかしながら彼等は彼等の配偶者を三年間試みます |
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and if they find that they have their natural purgations thrice, as trials that they are likely to be fruitful, |
そして彼等が子宝に恵まれる試みとして自然の浄化を三度経験するなら |
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they then actually marry them. |
そこで彼等は彼女たちと結婚します |
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But they do not use to accompany with their wives when they are with child, |
しかし彼等の妻が子を孕む時彼等は妻と同衾しません |
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as a demonstration that they do not many out of regard to pleasure, but for the sake of posterity. |
彼等は快楽と全く見做さず繁栄の為であることを証明する為 |
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Now the women go into the baths with some of their garments on, |
さて女たちは衣を纏って入浴します |
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as the men do with somewhat girded about them. |
男たちが何かを腰に巻いてするように |
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And these are the customs of this order of Essens. |
そしてこれらがエッセネ派のこの集団の慣習です |
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14. |
14 |
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But then as to the two other orders at first mentioned, |
しかしそれから最初に言及した二つの集団について |
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the Pharisees are those who are esteemed most skillful in the exact explication of their laws, and introduce the first sect. |
ファリサイ派は彼等の律法を正確に詳細に説明することにおいて最も上手いと見做され一番目の教派になります |
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These ascribe all to fate [or providence], and to God, |
これらの者たちは全てを運命[即ち神意]と神に帰しています |
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and yet allow, that to act what is right, or the contrary, is principally in the power of men, although fate does co-operate in every action. |
それなのに運命は全ての行為と一緒に働くけれども正しいこと又はその逆を行うことは第一に人の力によると認めます |
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They say that all souls are incorruptible, |
全ての霊魂は不朽であると彼等は言います |
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but that the souls of good men only are removed into other bodies, |
しかし善人の霊魂だけが他の肉体に移って行くが |
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but that the souls of bad men are subject to eternal punishment. |
悪人の霊魂は永遠の罰の下にあると |
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But the Sadducees are those that compose the second order, |
しかしサドカイ派は二番目の集団を構成する人々です |
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and take away fate entirely, |
そして運命を全く排除します |
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and suppose that God is not concerned in our doing or not doing what is evil; |
そして神は私たちが悪を行うか行わないかに関係していないと思っています |
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and they say, |
そして彼等は言います |
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that to act what is good, or what is evil, is at men's own choice, |
善いことを行うか悪いことを行うかは人自身の選択であると |
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and that the one or the other belongs so to every one, that they may act as they please. |
そして人は好むように行う故に一方か他方かは各人に属すると |
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They also take away the belief of the immortal duration of the soul, |
彼等はまた排除します 霊魂が不滅に存続するという信仰を |
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and the punishments and rewards in Hades. |
そして地獄での罰と報いを |
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Moreover, the Pharisees are friendly to one another, |
その上ファリサイ派はお互いに親密です |
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and are for the exercise of concord, and regard for the public; |
そして一致した課題の為に動き公益を尊重します |
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but the behavior of the Sadducees one towards another is in some degree wild, |
しかしサドカイ派の振る舞いは互いに幾分乱暴です |
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and their conversation with those that are of their own party is as barbarous as if they were strangers to them. |
そして彼等自身の集団に属する者たちとの彼等の会話はまるで彼等が知らない者であるかのように乱暴です |
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And this is what I had to say concerning the philosophic sects among the Jews. |
そしてこれがユダヤ人の間の哲学の教派について私が言わなければならなかったことです |
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Office Murakami |